Psychology; Where Did it Come From?

For a very long time, people have taken an interest in understanding the inner workings of the mind. Psychology is the study of peoples mental processes and behaviors. The goal of psychology is to describe, understand, predict, and influence behavior and mental processes. What differentiates psychology from philosophy is the use of the scientific method. With this, scientists can observe phenomenon, create a hypothesis, test it, and draw+evaluate conclusions. In short, you ask a question, develop an explanation, and test it through the use of empirical research to prove/disprove the explanation.

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A painting of Wilhelm Wundt by Dora Arnd-Raschild

The beginning of psychology as a scientific topic began in the late 19th century. Wilhelm Wundt, considered one of the founders of psychology, developed a method called structuralism. This school of thought aimed to better understand the mind by observing and analyzing its basic elements through the use of inner introspection.

William James in 1895

In contrast to structuralism, William James developed a school of thought named functionalism. It was inspired by Charles Darwin, who theorized that physical traits were developed for their usefulness to a species. On the same note, functionalism is based on the premise that mental processes and behaviors are developed for their functionality in relation to our species. There is an emphasis on adapting in accordance to the environment.

Another common standpoint is Gestalt psychology; which believes perception cannot be understood by observing each of its individual elements. Instead, the larger picture must be looked at because the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

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In the 20th century, scientists began looking more into the workings of psychology. Edward Thorndike, an American psychologist, established the law of effect; positive consequences reinforce behavior, while negative consequences inhibit it.

B.F. Skinner, founder of behaviorism

Another theory, produced by B.F. Skinner, says that human beings are largely affected by their environment. The same man also pioneered behavior modification, which aims to influence behavior via rewards and punishments. His work in the field left a lasting footprint on modern day psychology.

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Various psychologists and philosophers dedicated their lives to understanding the mind and how it works. Due to their extensive researching and experimentation, we are able to have a better understanding of people and how each persons individual mind works. As we move into the future and we find out new things about the brain everyday, its important to keep these peoples ideas in our minds to develop their ideas and find new ways to prevent and treat mental illness.

Wishing the best,

Daniela